The International Law of the Use of Force: Norms, Debates, and the Case of Israel and Iran

Authors

  • Xingtai Fan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61173/mtryt092

Keywords:

conceptualize, expansionists, restrictivists, terrorism, interpretations

Abstract

The international law had strictly enacted frameworks to prevent conflicts between each country. The case we are discussing was the confrontation between Iran and Israel in this paper. It traces the evolution from the Kellogg–Briand Pact to the UN Charter, emphasizing debates over Article 51’s scope of self-defense.

References

[1] Bethlehem, Daniel. “Principles Relevant to the Scope of a State’s Right of Self-Defense Against an Imminent or Actual Armed Attack by Nonstate Actors.” American Journal of International Law 106, no. 4 (2012): 769–777.

[2] Franck, Thomas M. Recourse to Force: State Action Against Threats and Armed Attacks. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

[3] Gray, Christine. International Law and the Use of Force. Oxford University Press, 2018.

[4] Milanovic, Marko. “The Illegal Israeli-American Use of Force Against Iran: A Follow-Up.” EJIL: Talk!, June 23,

[2025] https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-illegal-israeli-americanuse-of-force-against-iran-a-follow-up/

[5] Schmitt, Michael N. “Preemptive Strategies and International Law.” In Countering Terrorism and WMD: Creating a Global Counter-Terrorism Network, edited by Peter Berkowitz, 127–144. Hoover Institution Press, 2007.

[6] Taub, Amanda. “Are Israel’s Airstrikes on Iran Within Legal Bounds?” The New York Times, June 20, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/20/world/middleeast/ iran-israel

[7] United Nations. Charter of the United Nations. 1945. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text

[8] U.S. Department of State. General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy (Kellogg– Briand Pact). 1928.

Downloads

Published

2025-10-23