Do Chinese women believe contemporary girl-power K-pop groups influence their physical and psychological attitudes about their bodies and beauty aesthetics?

Authors

  • Ao Jie
  • Duoyi Chen
  • Wenxin Huang
  • Taiyu Xu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61173/hxgvdh10

Keywords:

K-pop girl groups, Female empowerment, Beauty standards, Social media influence, Chinese wom-en, Body image, Commercialization, Mental health, Fem-inism, Gender norms

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of contemporary K-pop girl groups on Chinese women’s perceptions of body image, beauty aesthetics, and empowerment. Through a combination of qualitative research methods and surveys, the research reveals that while K-pop girl groups have inspired discussions on female empowerment, their influence is often superficial and commercialized. The commercialization of female empowerment in K-pop reinforces unattainable beauty standards, leading to increased appearance anxiety and mental health challenges among young Chinese women. The study also highlights the role of social media in amplifying these effects, further complicating the relationship between K-pop’s portrayal of empowerment and the lived experiences of its audience. The findings underscore the need for more critical engagement with media messages and suggest that the empowerment promoted by K-pop girl groups may not fully challenge traditional gender norms or address broader structural inequalities.

References

female empowerment and self-expression, presenting Almaani, L.M. (2023). Fashion K-oio idol as a representation strong, confident images that encourage personal success of South Korean pop culture. Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Ilmu and independence. However, the female empowerment Humaniora, 2(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.51747/literasi. they advocate is often superficial and commercialized, v2i1.1364.

leading to unattainable beauty standards that can trigger Banet-Weiser, S., Gill, R., & Rottenberg, C. (2020). beauty anxiety and further mental health issues. Postfeminism, popular feminism and neoliberal feminism? Dean&Francis ISSN 2959-6149

Sarah Banet-Weiser, Rosalind Gill and Catherine Rottenberg Jonas, L. (2021). Crafted for the Male Gaze: Gender in conversation. Feminist Theory, 21(1), 3–138. https://doi. Discrimination in the K-Pop Industry Journal of International org/10.1177/1464700119842555. Women’s Studies, 22(7). https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.

Cha, H., & Kim, S. (2014). A Study on K-POP Strategy: Focused cgi?article=2492&context=jiws.

on Digital Music Environment and Social Media. International Jung, J. (2018). Young Women’s Perceptions of Traditional and Information Institute (Tokyo), 17(3), 911-917. https://www. Contemporary Female Beauty Ideals in China. Family and proquest.com/scholarly-journals/study-on-k-pop-strategy- Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 47(1), 56–72. https://doi. focused-digital-music/docview/1534316630/se-2. org/10.1111/fcsr.12273.

Chen, E. (2013). Neoliberalism and popular women’s Kim, G. (2017a). K-pop female idols. Culture industry, culture: Rethinking choice, freedom and agency. European neoliberal social policy, and governmentality in Korea, 520-537.

Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(4), 440–452. https://doi. Kim, G. (2017b). Between hybridity and hegemony in K-pop’s org/10.1177/1367549413484297. global popularity: A case of girls’ generation’s American debut.

Chidester, L., Ross, L., Hoffman, C., & House, L. (2023). Body International Journal of Communication, 11, 2367–2386.

Image Highlight Reel: Bringing Awareness to the Effect of Kim, S.-Y. (2018). K-pop Live: Fans, Idols, and Multimedia Social Media, Advertisements, and Societal Standards on Young Performance. Stanford University Press.

Girls and Women Across the Globe. Spring 2023, 13. https:// Kim, Y. (2011). Idol republic: the global emergence of girl digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&c industries and the commercialization of girl bodies. Journal of ontext=spring_2023. Gender Studies, 20(4), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/095892

Cohen, R., Fardouly, J., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2019). 36.2011.617604

BoPo on Instagram: An experimental investigation of the effects Kumar, Lalit. (2023). Social Media Influencers’ Impact On of viewing body-positive content on young women’s mood and Young Women’s Acceptance Of Beauty Standards. International body image. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1546–1564. https:// Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews. 10(2). 597-614. doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826530. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376650225_Social_

Dimri, S. (2023). Empowering Women? How the Postfeminist Media_Influencers’_Impact_On_Young_Women’s_Acceptance_ Rhetoric Serves the Interest of the K-Pop Industry. A Journal of Of_Beauty_Standards. Literary and Cultural Studies, 3, 123-139. Kushwaha, A. K., Kar, A. K., Roy, S. K., & Ilavarasan, P. V.

Gill, R., & Scharff, C. (2013). The Right to Be Beautiful: (2022). Capricious opinions: A study of the polarization of Postfeminist Identity and Consumer Beauty Advertising. social media groups. Government Information Quarterly, 39(3), New Femininities: Postfeminism, Neoliberalism and 101709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101709.

Subjectivity. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bham/detail. Lee, H.-K., & Zhang, X. (2020). The Korean Wave as a source action?docID=652478. of implicit cultural policy: Making of a neoliberal subjectivity in Gosse, M. (n.d.) Kpop as a Commodity. Kpop, Korean Popular a Korean style. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(3). Culture, Korean Agencies. https://www.academia.edu/12722178/ https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877920961108.

Kpop_as_a_Commodity. Li, M. (2023). Analysis of Dance Art Performance in Dance

Jia, R., Yang, Q., Liu, B., Song, H., & Wang, Z. (2023). Education. Art and Performance Letters, 4(9), 80-85. https://doi. Social anxiety and celebrity worship: the mediating effects of org/10.23977/artpl.2023.040915.

mobile phone dependence and moderating effects of family Li, X. (2022). “Yea, I’m a fuckng Tomboy”: “Girl crush,” socioeconomic status. BMC Psychology, 11(1). https://doi. postfeminism, and the Reimagining of K-pop Femininity. Social org/10.1186/s40359-023-01405-x. Semiotics, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2022.215054

Jin, H. (2023). An Analysis of the Influence of K-pop on the 2.

Development of Feminism in China. Communications in Liu, J. (2022). Social Media and Its Impact on Chinese’s Women Humanities Research, 17, 6–10. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753- Body Image: The Effects of Body Comparison and Motivation 7064/17/20230735. for Social Media Use. Proceedings of the 2021 International

Jo, H. (2020). From factory girls to K-pop idol girls: Cultural Conference on Public Art and Human Development ( ICPAHD politics of developmentalism, patriarchy, and neoliberalism in 2021), 638, 206-210. https://www.atlantis-press.com/ South Korea’s popular music industry. For the record, Lexington proceedings/icpahd-21/125969520.

studies rock and popular music. Pacific Affairs, 93(4), 831- Luminiţa, P. (2022). Image Editing Tools for Visually Appealing 833. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/factory- Self-Presentations: Digitally Mediated Social Presence, Body girls-k-pop-idol-cultural-politics/docview/2471510414/se- Dissatisfaction and Shame, and Ideal Beauty Standards. 2?accountid=8630https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/ Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 12(2), 48. https://doi. factory-girls-k-pop-idol-cultural-politics/docview/2471510414/ org/10.22381/jrgs12220223.

se-2. Molina, A. R., Baker, R. H., & Nduka, C. (2012). ‘What women Dean&Francis Ao Jie, Duoyi Chen, Wenxin Huang, Taiyu Xu want’—the UK’s largest cosmetic surgery survey. European Chinese social media. Chinese Language and Discourse, 13(1), Journal of Plastic Surgery, 35(8), 607–612. https://doi. 28-57. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359567910_ org/10.1007/s00238-011-0635-5. Doing_participatory_fandom_through_trans-scripting_The_

Pounders, K., Kowalczyk, C. M., & Stowers, K. (2016). Insight case_of_multilingual_K-pop_fans_on_Chinese_social_media.

into the motivation of selfie postings: impression management Sun, M. (2022). From H.O.T. to GOT7: Mapping K‐pop’s and self-esteem. European Journal of Marketing, 50(9/10), fandom, media, and performances in China. Doctoral thesis, 1879–1892. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-07-2015-0502. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.

Poulter, P. I., & Treharne, G. J. (2021). “I’m pretty happy handle.net/10356/154690.

with how I am”: a mixed-methods study of young women with Sun, Q., Paje’, D., & Lee, H. (2022). “Female empowerment positive body image. Psychology & Health, 36(6), 649–668. is being commercialized”: online reception of girl crush trend https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1820008. among feminist K-pop fans. Feminist Media Studies, 23(8), 1–14.

Romariz, L. (2021). Sexual Freedom as Empowerment: The https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2154820.

Fat Black Woman and the Use of the Erotic. Revista Leitura, Tresna, K. A. A. D., Sukamto, M. E., & Tondok, M. S. (2021). (71), 108-118. https://www.seer.ufal.br/index.php/revistaleitura/ Celebrity worship and body image among young girls fans of article/view/12839. K-pop girl groups. Humanitas (Yogakarta, Indonesia), 18(2),

Seo, Y., Cruz, A. G. B., & Fifita, I. M. (2020). Cultural 100–111. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v18i2.19392.

globalization and young Korean women’s acculturative Venters, L., & Rothenberg, A. (2023). Trammeled stars: the labour: K-beauty as hegemonic hybridity. International non-autonomy of female K-pop idols. Celebrity Studies, 14(4), Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(4). https://doi. 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2022.2083521.

org/10.1177/1367877920907604. Western, D., & Chang, C. (2000). Personality pathology in

Shao, L. (2023). The techno-beauty myth: the self-representations adolescence: A review. Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 61. https:// of young Chinese women on social media. Journal of Gender www.proquest.com/docview/206073542/fulltextPDF/DB2628 Studies, 32 (8). 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2023.22 52EDD64DB1PQ/1?accountid=14723&sourcetype=Scholar 07001. ly%20Journals.

Sharaunga, S., Mudhara, M., & Bogale, A. (2019). Zhang, Q., & Negus, K. (2020). East Asian pop music idol Conceptualisation and Measurement of Women’s Empowerment production and the emergence of data fandom in China. Revisited. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(4), 493–511. http:// 20(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2018.1546280. research.gold.ac.uk/28064/.

Shridharani, S. M., Magarakis, M., Manson, P.N., & Rodriguez, Zhong, Y. (2022). The influence of social media on body image

E.D. (2010). Psychology of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: disturbance induced by appearance anxiety in female college A Systematic Clinical Review. Plastic and Reconstructive students. Psychiatria Danubina, 34( 2), 638-644.https://hrcak.

Surgery (1963), 126(6), 2243–2251. https://doi.org/10.1097/ srce.hr/file/409157.

PRS.0b013e3181f445ae. Zhong, Y. (2023). The Influence of K-pop Culture on Aesthetic Smith, H., Perez, M., Sladek, M. R., Becker, C. B., Ohrt, T. K., & Sense of Chinese Teenagers. Communications in Humanities

Bruening, A. B. (2017). Development and validation of makeup Research, 20(1), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753- and sexualized clothing questionnaires. Journal of Eating 7064/20/20231382. Disorders, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-017-0171-1.

Song, Yang & Feng, Yuhan. (2022).Doing participatory fandom through trans‑scripting: The case of multilingual K-pop fans on Dean&Francis ISSN 2959-6149 Appendixces

Downloads

Published

2025-07-06